Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

Income Taxes

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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2026
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The following table presents provision for income tax for the periods presented (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2026 2025 2026 2025
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ 4,224  $ (280) $ 13,522  $ 154 
The quarterly provision for income taxes is determined by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to the year-to-date pre-tax income, adjusted for any discrete items. The estimated annual effective tax rate is updated at the end of each reporting period.
The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 primarily consisted of federal income tax expense of $3.7 million and $11.4 million, respectively, and estimated state income taxes of $0.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2025, we maintained a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. Although we do not expect to incur federal cash income taxes due to sufficient net operating loss (NOL) and research and development credit carryforwards, we recognized federal income tax expense based on the estimated impact of utilizing the deferred tax assets associated with such carryforwards. The total tax expense differs from the amount computed at the federal statutory rate primarily due to certain non-deductible expenses and state income taxes.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the benefit from or provision for income taxes, respectively, primarily related to estimated state income taxes, with the three-month benefit primarily reflecting an adjustment to those estimates. The tax expense differs from the amount computed at the federal statutory rate primarily due to the impact of the valuation allowance and state taxes.